قال الله تعالى

 {  إِنَّ اللَّــهَ لا يُغَيِّــرُ مَـا بِقَــوْمٍ حَتَّــى يُـغَيِّـــرُوا مَــا بِــأَنْــفُسِــــهِـمْ  }

سورة  الرعد  .  الآيـة   :   11

ahlaa

" ليست المشكلة أن نعلم المسلم عقيدة هو يملكها، و إنما المهم أن نرد إلي هذه العقيدة فاعليتها و قوتها الإيجابية و تأثيرها الإجتماعي و في كلمة واحدة : إن مشكلتنا ليست في أن نبرهن للمسلم علي وجود الله بقدر ما هي في أن نشعره بوجوده و نملأ به نفسه، بإعتباره مصدرا للطاقة. "
-  المفكر الجزائري المسلم الراحل الأستاذ مالك بن نبي رحمه الله  -

image-home

لنكتب أحرفا من النور،quot لنستخرج كنوزا من المعرفة و الإبداع و العلم و الأفكار

الأديبــــة عفــــاف عنيبـــة

السيـــرة الذاتيـــةالسيـــرة الذاتيـــة

أخبـــار ونشـــاطـــاتأخبـــار ونشـــاطـــات 

اصــــدارات الكـــــاتبــةاصــــدارات الكـــــاتبــة

تـــواصـــل معنــــــاتـــواصـــل معنــــــا


تابعنا على شبـكات التواصـل الاجتماعيـة

 twitterlinkedinflickrfacebook   googleplus  


إبحـث في الموقـع ...

  1. أحدث التعليــقات
  2. الأكثــر تعليقا

ألبــــوم الصــــور

e12988e3c24d1d14f82d448fcde4aff2 

مواقــع مفيـــدة

rasoulallahbinbadisassalacerhso  wefaqdev iktab
السبت, 30 آب/أغسطس 2014 21:15

Milton Viorst : Storm from The East

كتبه  Mr Milton Viorst
قيم الموضوع
(0 أصوات)

 

Extract from the book "Storm from the East"

 

Chapter II

Revolt

1901-1918

Sharif Hussein opened the correspondence with the questionable claim that he spoke in the name of "the Arab nation.” He demanded that Britain agree to the establishment of an Arab state roughly within the boundaries of the Arabic-speaking world and to”the proclamation of an Arab caliphate for Islam.” To satisfy British colonial interests, he offered to concede Britain’s preeminence among foreign powers within the anticipated Arab state.

McMahon, whose instructions were to maintain Britain’s freedom of action, was so evasive in his reply that Hussein chided him for his ”lukewarmth and hesitancy.” No Arab revolt is possible without a clear accord on territory, he declared. While assuring McMahon he had no ambition beyond the lands populated by Arabs, Hussein stated that Arab frontiers are “the very substance and essence of our existence, be it from the material, the spiritual or the moral point of view.” McMahon, after consulting with London, seemed to change his tune, answering with apparent concessions to Hussein’s concerns.

George Antonius, an Arab scholar who produced the seminal study on the rise of Arabs nationalism during World War I, described McMahon’s second note as a breakthrough,”the most important international document in the history of the Arab national movement.”McMahon wrote that the letter “will convince you, beyond all doubt, of Great Britain’s sympathy with the aspirations of her friends, the Arabs.”

 

Antonius interpreted the letter to mean that Britain recognized the independence of the Arabs within the frontier envisaged by Sharif Hussein.

 

But whatever Britain gave in principle-if anything-it took back in McMahon’s list of exceptions to the territorial concessions. One exception was the area ”west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo (which) cannot be said to be purely Arab.” A second was the region in which Britain had treaty relations with ”certain Arab chiefs.” A third consisted of areas in which Britain was not ”free to act without detriment to the interest of her ally France.” Still another was the Mesopotamian provinces of Baghdad and Basra, where Britain had already ”established position and interests.”

 

Whatever Britain’s intention, it is in retrospect clear that the first reservation opened the door to the Jewish mandate in Palestine, the second to the support of Hussein’s rivals the Saud in Arabia, the third to the satisfaction of French ambitions in Syria and Lebanon, and the fourth to the installation of a British colonial regime in Irak.

 

The exceptions left the Arabs with only a swath of the Syrian desert, and though this region later became Transjordan, is was a mockery of the grand state to which Sharif Hussein aspired.

 

Storm from The East

The struggle between the Arab World and The Christian  West

Author: Milton Viorst

A Modern Library Chronicles Book

The Modern Libray, New York

قراءة 56619 مرات آخر تعديل على الجمعة, 28 تشرين1/أكتوير 2022 20:03

التعليقات   

0 #1 Military Friendly Online College Online 2014-09-22 18:56
bookmarked!!, I really like your site!
اقتباس

أضف تعليق


كود امني
تحديث